The Brazilian authorities has acknowledged Freire’s culture circles as a form of civic education and has underwritten their use for combating illiteracy among youth and adults (Souto-Manning, 2007). Some critics (e.g., Boyte and Kari, 1996) fear that the “service” in “service-learning” displays a narrow conception of citizenship that overlooks power and company and that encourages an undemocratic distinction between the server and the served. Deliberative democracy is the concept a reliable political determination is one that results from discussions amongst citizens underneath fairly favorable conditions.
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